Outline a step-by-step approach for a statutory interpretation problem on an Applied Authorities exam.

• A. Begin with the final conclusion; then locate no authorities.
• B. Identify issues; locate controlling authorities; apply plain meaning; apply canons; consult legislative history; resolve conflicts; conclude.
• C. Rely on personal impressions first; skip canons.
• D. Only read the text and ignore legislative history.

Answer: (B)

Think of statutory interpretation as a methodical, step-by-step process. Start by identifying the issues the statute raises, so you know exactly what questions you’re answering. Then locate the controlling authorities—this means the text itself and any binding statutes or precedents that delimit how the statute should be read. Next, apply the plain meaning of the words in their ordinary sense, reading them in the context of the statute as a whole to avoid pulling phrases out of context. If the language is clear, you’re done, but if ambiguity remains, bring in canons of construction to guide you through common interpretive challenges and gaps. After that, consult legislative history or the broader context when it’s needed to understand lawmakers’ intent and to illuminate unclear provisions. If different authorities or canons point in competing directions, resolve those conflicts by sticking to the controlling text and the established interpretive principles, then explain the rationale behind the chosen path. Finally, state a conclusion that follows logically from the gathered authorities and the steps you took. This structured approach keeps the interpretation grounded, transparent, and defensible on exams.